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About the Programme Academic Staff Program Qualifications Lessons Matrix of Course & Program Qualifications Turkish Qualifications Framework (TQF) TQF & Program Qualifications
  1. Graduate School
  2. Department of Archaeology
  3. PhD in Classical Archaeology
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  5. Settlements, Sacred Sites, and Defense Systems in Highlands of Phrygia
  6. Description
  • Description
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Last Updated: 30/10/2026

Code - Course Title Course Type Laboratory + Practice ECTS
ARK623 - Settlements, Sacred Sites, and Defense Systems in Highlands of Phrygia I. SEMESTER 2 +2 7.5
Language of Instruction Türkçe
Course Type Elective Courses
Course Instructor(s) PROF. DR. YUSUF POLAT
Mode of Delivery The mode of delivery of this course is face to face
Place of Delivery On Campus
Used Educational Platforms Face-to-face
Prerequisites There is no prerequisite or co-requisite for this course.
Courses Recomended There is no recommended optional programme component for this course.
Recommended Resources Haspels, C. H. E. (1971 ). The Highlands of Phrygia: Sites and Monuments. Princeton University Press.Tamsü, R. (2008). Observations On The Phrygian Rock-Cut Altars. SOMA 2005 Proceedings of the IX Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, Chieti (Italy), 24-26 February 2005, Bar International Series, Vol.1739: 439-445.Polat Y. (2007) “Afyon İli Köhnüş Vadisinde Bulunan Phryg Anıtları Üzerinde Görülen Bozulmalar”, VII. Afyonkarahisar Araştırmaları Sempozyumu Bildirileri Kitabı 18-20 Nisan 2005, Ankara, 2007, 521-529. Polat, Y. (2008), “The Phrygian Rock Cut Religious Monuments the Destructions of the Monumets and their Restoration Processes”, Symposium on Mediterrranean Archaeology Chieti, 2005. (SOMA 2005), 2008, 425-430.Tamsü-Polat R. (2010)“Yeni Buluntular Işığında Phryg Kaya Altarları Ve Bir Tipoloji Önerisi”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10.1, 2010, 207-208.Tamsü-Polat ve diğ. 2020 R. Tamsü Polat, Y. Polat, A. Lubotsky, “An Idol-Shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia”, Gephyra 19, 2020, 45-67.Tamsü Polat, R. (2022). İdollerin Frig Kültüründeki Kimliğine Dair Bir Analiz, Art-Sanat, 17: 451-473.Tamsü Polat, R. (2022) “The Sacred Woman” Mother Goddess Phenomenon in Phrygian Civilization, WORLD WOMEN CONFERENCE-IV , Delhi, 2022, 457-465.Tamsü Polat, R. (Ed.) Bir Çağın Gizemli Uygarlığı Frigler, Fetih ve Medeniyet Dergisi 5, Eskişehir Valiliği Yay. 2022.Tüfekçi Sivas, T. (2003). A Newly Discovered Phrygian Façade Monument from Western Phrygia: The Monumet of Kuzören – Tavuk Pınarı”, Thracia 15, Honor of Alexander Fol 70th, Sofia: 189-196.T. Tüfekçi Sivas, Eskişehir İl Sınırları İçindeki Phryg Kaya Anıtları, Eskişehir (1999). Berndt Ersöz, S. (2006). Phrygian Rock-Cut Shrines. Structure, Function, and Cult Practise. Leiden-Boston: Brill.Bittel, K. (1958). Untersuchungen auf Büyükkale. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient Gesellschaft 91: 57-72.Bittel, K. (1963). Phrygisches Kultbild aus Bogazköy. Antike Plastik II: 7-21.Brixhe, C. (1979). Le Nom de Cybéle. Die Sprache 25: 40-45.Brixhe, C. & Lejeune, M. (1984). Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. 2 vols. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.Buluç, S. (1986). Ankara Kabartmaları, Türk Tarih Kongresi IX, I: 423-433.Çapar, Ö. (1978). Roma Tarihinde Magna Mater (Kybele) Tapınımı, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 29 (1-4): 167-189. Carrington, P. (1977). The Heroic Age of Phrygia in the Ancient Literature. AS XXVII: 117-127. Friglerin Gizemli Uygarlığı, Yapı Kredi yayınları, İstanbul ( 2007).Frigler Midas’ın Ülkesinde, Anıtların Gölgesinde/Phrygians In the Land of Midas, In the Shadow of Monuments (Ed. T.Tüfekçi Sivas-H. Sivas), YKY yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
Work Placement N/A
Aims of the Course The objective is to examine the settlement patterns, religious spaces, and defense systems of the Phrygian civilization during the Iron Age through a holistic and spatial approach, based on the geographical, strategic, and geomorphological structure of the Mountainous Phrygia region.

Weeks Learning Outcomes Topics Teaching Methods
Week - 1 LO-2 The definition of the Mountainous Phrygia region, its geographical boundaries (the triangle of Eskişehir, Kütahya, and Afyonkarahisar), and the history of research in the area. Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 2 LO-2 The region's tuff rock formations, valleys, natural shelters, and the natural defensive advantages provided by the topography. Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 3 LO-2 The emergence of the Phrygians among the Iron Age cultures of Anatolia, the period of the kingdom, chronology, and relations with neighboring cultures (Hittite legacy, Urartu, Lydia, East Greece). Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 4 LO-2 LO-3 Rock-cut Architecture and Settlement Texture • Rock-cutting techniques • Spatial organization • Architectural typology Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 5 LO-3 LO-4 Phrygian Religion and Cult Systems • Phrygian belief system • Mother goddess cult Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 6 LO-3 LO-4 Monumental Rock-Cut Facades • Midas Monument • Areyastis Monument • Unfinished Monument • Hyacinth Monument • Altars Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 7 LO-3 LO-4 The Spatial Organization of Sacred Spaces • Open-air sacred spaces • Altars • Ritual spaces Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 8 LO-3 LO-4 Rock Altars and Rituals • Ritual sites • Ritual architecture • Archaeological finds Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 9 LO-5 Defense Systems in Phrygia • Fortress settlements • Fortification systems • Strategic location Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 10 LO-5 Fortress Sites • Midas Fortress • Pişmiş Fortress • Akpara Fortress • Doğanlı Fortress • Yapıldak Asar Fortress • Kümbet Asar Fortress Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 11 LO-5 Transportation Systems and Regional Control • Trade routes • Passes • Transportation networks of settlements Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 12 LO-5 Transportation Systems and Regional Control • Trade routes • Passes • Transportation networks of settlements Lecture
Week - 13 LO-6 New Research and Technologies • GIS • Remote sensing • Surface surveys Lecture Question & Answer
Week - 14 LO-6 Student Presentations and Overall Evaluation • Research presentations • Discussion • Term evaluation Lecture Question & Answer

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Assessment Method and Passing Requirements
Quamtity Percentage (%)
1.Midterm Exam 1 40
Final Exam 1 60
Toplam (%) 100

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